INTRODUCTION AND LITRATURE REVIEW
One of the following is a universal solvent, which consists of hydrogen and oxygen atoms, hence the molecular formula is H2O. It is formed by the direct reaction of hydrogen with Oxygen 2H2O which is important for man's continuous existence (Lamikanra, 1999.) The quality of water both for drinking and other causes of inadequate treatment of plants, direct discharge of untreated sewage into rivers and stream in addition to inefficient. Management of piped water distribution system (UNEP, 2001) has serious health implications for the users. In addition to many developing countries, increasing agricultural activities, urbanization, and industrialization lead to overcapital contamination of streams, rivers, lakes and reservoirs. The ability to control the quality of water is based on routine tests, the results of which are compared with established standards. Chemical, physical and microbial analysis can thus give an idea ofPotential microorganism (APHA, 1998), Water is one of the essentials it is obtained from two main natural sources; surface water such as fresh water lakes, rivers, streams etc. (see Mendie, 2005, McMurry and Fay, 2004). It is a water soluble substance, which is one of the most abundant, one of the most abundant, two thirds of the earth surface (Ademoroti, 1995). Gold suspends many different compounds (WHO, 2007) thus in nature, water is not pure as it acquires contaminants from its surrounding and those arising from human and animals as well as other biological activities (Mendie, 2005) One of the most important environmental issuer Today is ground water contamination (Vodela et al., 1997) and between the wide diversity of contaminants affecting water resources, heavy metal receive particular concern of their strong toxicity and low concentration (Marcovecchio et al, 2007). Heavy metals are element having atomic weight between 63.546 and 200.590 and a specific gravity greater than 4.0 i.e at least 5 times that of water. They exist in water in colloidal, particulate and dissolved phases (Adepoju-Bello et al, 2009) with their occurrence in water bodies being of natural origin (e.g. eroded (1986). (Marcovecchio et al., 2007) As the world is being ushered into the modern era of civilization, It will definitely be a problem that will have a profound impact on our lives (see Herschy, 1990). Indeed water is life. According to (Gore, 1995), humans are made of water, in roughly the same percentage as water in the surface of the earth. Our fabric and membrane, brains and hearth, all sweat and tears all reflect the same recipe for life, in which effective use is made of those ingredients available on the surface of carth. Unquivocally water is essential for the development and maintenance of the dynamics of every branch of society (UNCSD 2000) Water is indeed life and thus the most important natural resources would be available. Essential Prerequisite for Sustained Development (Asonye et al., 2007) Groundwater is one of the major sources of drinking water all over the world. Freshwater quality and availability is one of the most important environmental and sustainability issues of the twenty first century (UNEP, 2002). Of all sources of fresh water on the earth, groundwater is over 90% of the world, with the remaining 10% in lakes 3 (freshwater resources, Boswinkle 2002) with the remaining 10% in lakes reservoir, rivers and wetlands. Water is a vital component to the development of an area. Human settlement is a large extent in the proximity of local communities. Groundwater is also widely used in food production and irrigation in food production (Zelkster and Everett, 2004), but is also useful for water supply. As such, groundwater provides water to rivers, lakes, pound and wetlands (Kim et al., 2003). Lack of access to safe drinking water is affecting billions of people around the world (Conant, 2005) the potential of drinking water to transport harmful materials to large numbers of people (Payment, 1997) it has been reported by Isaac-Renton et al. (1996) That sporadic cases of intestinal waterborne illnesses will not be detected or detected. Hunter (1997) reported that waterborne diseases might account for one third of the intestinal infections worldwide. A total number of 1.2 million waterways reported by Hunter and Syed (2001). While Pruss et al (2002). Estimated that water sanitation and hygiene were responsible for 4.0% of all deaths and 5.7% of the total diseases burden worldwide. the natural water analysis for physical and chemical properties important for public health studies (Kot et al., 2000) These studies are also a part of pollution studies in the environment. Contamination of water bodies has become an issue of serious environmental concern. Clean water is a priceless and limited resource (Silderberg, 2003). Portable water is an essential ingredient for good health and the socio-economic development of man (Udom et al., 2002). But it is lacking in many societies. Water quality is a term that is most frequently used, but it has not been defined. Thus, the quality of water is a reflection of the source environment and the activities of man, including the use and management measure. However, the desirable properties of water quality should include; (2004) Adeniyi (2004) Adeniyi (2004). Adequate amount of dissolved oxygen at all times. The use of chlorine-containing compounds in the water is one of the following: hypo-chloride, chlorine dioxide and inorganic chloroamines surface waters
are usually contaminated and require treatment before being used as drinking water. Groundwater supplies are the best source of drinking water. Well water has the advantage that they are clearer and more uniform than surface water. Groundwater (borehole) usually contains more hardness than surface water because it has the ability to dissolve some of the rocks that make up the earth layers. Chemical pesticides for plant protection, the most common among them being pesticide chlorinated hydrocarbon organophosphate, as reported by (Weismann, 1975) of the total amount of pesticide applied in the plant protection 45% are herbicides 365 insecticides, 17% are fungicides and about 15 At least 10% of the total number of rodenticides in the water source is caused by the total annual cost of infection. Different inorganic substance and ions have various positive and negative effects on the metabolism of organism. For instance, magnesium in many cellular function like glycolysis respiration and stability of ribosome, are important for the activation of enzymes involved with adenine nidesides. Heavy metals are harmful even in their lowest concentration. They have an inhibitory influence on respiratory activities of organism, in a more complicated state, mutations could be suspected by Zelibor et al., 1987). Metals are not degradable; consequently they accumulate in biological system resulting in chronic damage. (Yermelor et al., 1975) believe that even in case of complete ban on production in all mercury plants water would be polluted by this agent for a prolong period of time. Indicator bacteria are damaged by false result of bacteriological determination of the presence and number of indicator bacteria in drinking water. Some bacteria like saprophytic show resistance to certain heavy metal. pH is affected by bicarbonate, sulphate and chlorides. In surface water the ph is usually kept between 6 and 9 but if there is excess of some substance affecting the hydrogen ion concentration then extreme oscill ion between acidic and alkaline conditions take place. As municipal water treatment eventually becomes a common practice in most U.S cities, federal and state government began to recognize the importance of drinking water standard for municipalities. While some limited drinking water standards would be implemented as early as 1914 (EPA, 2000) it would not be until the 1940s that federal drinking water standard, for water industry were implemented in the 1970s. In reaction to a huge increase in environmental concerns in the country in 1972 the clean water act passed through congress and became law requiring industrial plants to proactively improve their waste procedure in order to limit the effect of contaminants on fresh water sources. In 1974, the safe drinking water act was adopted by all 50 US states for regulation of public water system with their
This jurisdiction is subject to a number of contaminant levels allowed by the federal government. Drinking water systems are now monitored by Federal, State and Municipal Government for safety and compliance with existing regulations. Throughout the 1700s as people began to understand more about the danger of drinking water contaminant, domestic water filter units made from wool, sponge and charcoal was used in individual homes in the year 1804, the first large municipal water treatment plant was installed (Bakers and Taras, 1981). This revolutionary installation prompted the idea that all people should have access to clean water. It would be some time before this ambitious idea would be implemented throughout the world. The visions of Malawi and the world of sanitation for sanitation services and sustainable development. The overall national water policy is sustainable management and use of water resources in order to provide water for acceptable quality and sufficient quantities. The policy of effective and efficient water supply and sanitation services for all countries....ORIGINALLY WRITTEN BY FREEVIBES.COM.NG
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